珠穆朗玛峰

 

 

珠穆朗玛峰(Jo-mo glang-ma)，简称珠峰，又意译作圣母峰，位于中国和尼泊尔交界的喜马拉雅山脉之上，终年积雪。是亚洲和世界第一高峰。

Himalaya

The Himalaya is a mountain range in Asia, on the border of China and Nepal. The Himalayan mountain system is the planet’s highest and home to all 14 of the world’s highest peaks, the Eight-thousanders, including Mount Everest.

 

藏语“珠穆朗玛jo-mo glang-ma ri”就是“大地之母”的意思。藏语Jo-mo“珠穆”是女神的之意，glang-ma“朗玛”应该理解成母象（在藏语里，glang-ma有两中意思：高山柳和母象）。神话说珠穆朗玛峰是长寿五天女（tshe-ring mched lnga）所居住的宫室。

In Tibetan the mountain is called Chomolangma or Qomolangma ("Mother of the Universe"). Chomo means “Goddess”, while Langma means “Female elephant” (in Tibetan, Langma has two meanings: willow and female elephant). The legend says that the Chomolangma is the palace where live five long-life divinities（tshe-ring mched lnga）.

 

西方普遍称这山峰作额菲尔士峰或艾佛勒斯峰(Mount Everest)，是纪念英国人占领尼泊尔之时，负责测量喜马拉雅山脉的印度测量局局长乔治·额菲尔士(George Everest)。

The mountain was given its English name by Sir Andrew Waugh, the British surveyor-general of India, who named it after his predecessor, Sir George Everest.

 

高度

珠穆朗玛峰最近的一次测量在1999年，是由美国国家地理学会使用全球卫星定位系统测定的，他们认为珠峰的海拔高度应该为8850米。现在中国公认的珠穆朗玛峰的海拔高度由中国登山队于1975年测定，是8848.13米。但外界也有8848米、8840米、8850米、8882米等多种说法。最近，2005年5月22日中国重测珠峰高度测量登山队成功登上珠穆朗玛峰峰顶，再次精确测量珠峰高度，珠峰新高度预计今年8月公布。

Measurement

The 1999 American Everest Expedition installed a GPS unit on the highest bedrock, computing the elevation of the summit as 8,850 meters. The PRC considers the official height of Everest to be 8,848, 13 m since 1975. However, there is some variation in the measurements as: 8848 m, 8840 m, 8850 m, 8882 m, etc. Lately, on the 22^nd of May, year 2005, a Chinese team ascended the Everest and decided to measure its height again; the result will be published in August.

 

文化影响

珠穆朗玛峰高大巍峨的形象一直在当地甚至全世界的范围内产生着影响。第四版人民币十元的背面图案就是珠穆朗玛峰。

The mount Everest always had a local and even a worldwide strong influence. It is represented at the back of the fourth edition of the 10 Rmb note.

 

攀登历史

1921 The first British expedition explores the access over the Rongbuk glacier.

1921年——第一支英国登山队在查尔斯·霍华德·伯里中校的率领下开始攀登珠穆朗玛峰，到达海拔7000米处。

 

1922 Seven Sherpa climbers are killed in an avalanche, becoming the first reported deaths on Everest.

1922 七位夏尔巴人在登山时突遇雪崩里而死亡，成为珠穆朗玛峰上第一次报道的死亡的事件。

 

1922 The second British expedition reaches 8321 meters.

1922年——第二支英国登山队是用供氧装置到达海拔8320米处。

 

1924 The third British expedition reaches 8500 meters. On June 6, George Mallory and Andrew Irvine ascend to attempt to reach the summit but are lost after cloud closes in. An eyewitness claims seeing them near the summit.

1924年——第三支英国登山队攀登珠穆朗玛峰时，乔治·马洛里和安德鲁·欧文在使用供氧装置登顶过程中失踪。马洛里的遗体于1999年在海拔8150米处被发现，而他随身携带的照相机失踪，故无法确定他和欧文是否是登顶成功的世界第一人。

 

1933 Lady Houston funds formation of aeroplanes to fly over summit to deploy the British Union Jack flag.

1933 Houston 太太资助飞机飞跃山顶，并在山顶上空展开了英国国旗。

 

1934 Maurice Wilson (British) dies on attempting to climb alone.

1934 Maurice Wilson (英国人) 一个人登山时，去世。

 

1938 Mountaineering explorer Bill Tilman (British) leads an expedition via the north west ridge, reaching over 27,000 ft without oxygen before being forced down by foul weather.

1938 Bill Tilman (英国人) 带领一队科考队员通过西北山脊登峰，在无氧气设备情况下登到27.000多尺，最后由天气条件过于恶劣，Bill Tilman 下山了。

 

1950 Nepal opens its borders to foreigners. Bill Tilman and Charles Houston undertake a reconnaisance expedition to Everest.

1950 尼泊尔对外国人开放了国界人。Bill Tilman 和 Charles Houston 马上申请去勘探珠穆朗玛峰

 

1952 A Swiss expedition, including Sherpa Tenzing Norgay gives up from exhaustion, 200 metres short of the summit.

1952 瑞士登山队，包括夏尔巴人Tenzing Norgay在内，在离山顶200米时放弃登顶。

 

1953 The summit was first reached at 11:30 am on May 29 by the New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay from Nepal climbing the South Col Route.

1953年5月29日上午11：30——来自新西兰的34岁登山者埃德蒙·希拉里 en:Edmund Hillary作为英国登山队队员与39岁的尼泊尔向导丹增·诺尔盖 en:Tenzing Norgay 一起沿东南山脊路线登上珠穆朗玛峰，是纪录上第一个登顶成功的登山队伍。

 

1956 Swiss expedition climbed for the second time in the history of the Everest.

1956年——以阿伯特·艾格勒为首的瑞士登山队在人类历史上第二次登上珠穆朗玛峰。（有准确记录以来）

 

1960 On May 25, a Chinese team consisting of Wang Fuzhou, Gongbu and Qu Yinhua makes the first summit via the North Ridge.

1960年5月25日——中国人首次登上珠穆朗玛峰。他们是王富洲、贡布、屈银华。此次攀登，也是首次从北坡攀登成功。

 

1963 First crossing by a United States expedition, starting from the west and descending over the south-west.

1963年——以诺曼·迪伦弗斯为首的美国探险队首次从西坡登顶成功。

 

1965 On May 20, Nawang Gombu Sherpa becomes the first person to reach the summit of Everest twice.

1965 5月20日，夏尔巴人Nawang Gombu成为到达珠穆朗玛峰山顶的第一人。

 

1975 On May 16, Junko Tabei of Japan is the first woman on the crest.

1975年——日本人田部井淳子成为世界上首位从南坡登上珠穆朗玛峰的女性。

是年，中国登山队第二次攀登珠峰，9名队员登顶。其中藏族队员潘多成为世界上第一位从北坡登顶成功的女性。

 

1975 The British SW face expedition led by Chris Bonnington. Summit reached by 2 teams made up with Doug Scott, Dougal Haston, Pete Boardman, and Sirdar Pertemba. BBC cameraman Michael Burke failed to return from a solo summit bid.

1975 SW英国登山队在Chris Bonnington带领下. 两队同时登顶，队员包括：Doug Scott, Dougal Haston, Pete Boardman, 和Sirdar Pertemba. BBC的摄像师Michael Burke企图单独登顶而失败。

 

1978 Reinhold Messner (South Tyrol, Italy) and Peter Habeler (Austria) reach the summit without oxygen tanks.

1978年——奥地利人彼得·哈贝尔和意大利人赖因霍尔德·梅斯纳首次未带氧气瓶登顶成功。

 

1980 First winter expedition by a team from Poland.

1980年——波兰登山家克日什托夫·维里克斯基第一次在冬天攀登珠穆朗玛峰成功。

 

1980 Reinhold Messner, first man to climb Everest alone and without oxygen tanks.

1980 Reinhold Messner, 第一个单独攀登珠穆朗玛峰时而没用氧气瓶的人。

 

1982 On October 5, Laurie Skreslet becomes the first Canadian to reach the summit.

1982 10月5日，Laurie Skreslet 是第一个登上珠穆朗玛峰的加拿大人。

 

1984 First Australian expedition scales Everest. Expedition comprised of Tim Macartney-Snape , Greg Mortimer, Andy Henderson and Lincoln Hall, two of which (Macartney Snape and Mortimer) made it to the summit. It is known that had Hall attempted the summit, all members would have perished on the summit.

1984澳大利亚登山队第一次攀登珠穆朗玛峰。登山队队员包括：Tim Macartney-Snape , Greg Mortimer, Andy Henderson 和 Lincoln Hall。其中两名(Macartney Snape 和 Mortimer)到达了山顶。

 

 

1988 Jean-Marc Boivin of France starts with a paraglider from the mountaintop.

1988 法国人Jean-Marc Boivin从山上开下一个滑翔机。

 

1988 A team with members from China, Japan and Nepal climbed for the first time through the North and the South cols.

1988年——中国、日本、尼泊尔三国联合登山队首次从南北两侧双跨珠穆朗玛峰成功。

 

1990 Bertrand “Zebulon” Roche of France becomes the youngest westerner to climb Everest, age 17.

1990 法国 人Bertrand “Zebulon” Roche成为登珠穆朗玛峰最年轻的西方人：17岁。

 

1993 90 alpinists in the autumn alone, the commercial "Everest-climbing" starts.

1993 90 登山运动员在秋天开始单独登上。“登珠穆朗玛峰“ 的商业活动开始了。

 

1993 Ramon Blanco of Spain became the oldest person to reach the summit aged 60 years, 160 days (record beat in 2001).  

1993 西班牙人Ramon Blanco，是登上珠穆朗玛峰年龄最大的人已经60岁零160 天。

 

1996 Hans Kammerlander of South Tyrol climbs the mountain from the north side in 16 hours and 45 minutes and returns on skis.

1996 南Tyrol人Hans Kammerlander通过北边山脊登山。花了16个小时45分钟，返回时滑雪下去。

 

1996 Goran Kropp of Sweden becomes first person to ride his bicycle all the way from his home in Sweden to the mountain, scale it alone without the use of oxygen tanks, and bicycle all the way back.

1996 瑞典Goran Kropp 是第一个骑自行车从瑞典的家到山脚的人，一个人不用氧气瓶开始登山，最后骑自行车返回。

 

1996 15 alpinists perished on the top of the mountain. One of the biggest sacrifice in the history of Everest ascent.

1996年——包括著名登山家罗布·哈尔在内的15名登山者在登顶过程中牺牲，是历史上攀登珠穆朗玛峰牺牲人数最多的一年。

 

1998 Tom Whittaker is the first disabled climber to make it to the summit.

1998 Tom Whittaker 是第一个到达山顶的残疾人。

 

1998 Bear Grylls becomes the youngest Briton to clib everest and return alive.

1998年——美国人汤姆·惠特克成为世界上第一个攀登珠穆朗玛峰成功登顶的残疾人。

 

1999 Sherpa Babu Chiri Sherpa of Nepal stays for 21 hours on the mountaintop.

1999 尼泊尔夏尔巴人Babu Chiri Sherpa在山顶呆了21个小时。

 

2000 On October 7 Davo Karnicar from Slovenia accomplishes an uninterrupted ski descent from the top to the base camp in five hours.

2000 10月7日斯洛文尼亚Davo Karnicar从山顶不停地滑雪，5个小时后到山脚。

 

2000 A famous Nepalese alpinist climbs the mountain within 16 hours and 56 minutes. The world’s fastest ascent.

2000年——尼泊尔著名登山家巴布·奇里从大本营出发由北坡攀登，耗时16小时56分登顶成功，创造了登顶的最快纪录。

 

2001 On May 24 15 year old Sherpa Temba Tsheri becomes the youngest person to climb Everest.

2001年5月24日,15岁的夏尔巴人 Temba Tsheri成功登上了珠穆郎玛峰, 成为了最年轻的登峰人.

 

2001 On May 25, 32 year old Erik Weihenmayer, of Boulder, Colorado, becomes the first blind person to reach the summit.

2001年5月25日,32岁的美国人维亨迈尔成为世界上首个登上珠穆朗玛峰的盲人。

 

2001 On the same day 64 year old Sherman Bull, of New Canaan, Connecticut, becomes the oldest person to reach the summit.

2001年的同一天,64岁的美国人Sherman Bull成为了登峰年龄最大的人.

 

2001 Also on the same day, 19 people made it to the summit, surpassing the previous record of 10 people, everyone survived.

2001年的同一天,19人同时登上峰顶, 刷新了之前10人的纪录,并且无一伤亡.

 

 

2003 On May 21, 21 year old Jess Roskelley, of Spokane, Washington, becomes the youngest American to summit Everest, via the South Col Route.

2003年5月21日,21岁的美国人Jess Roskelley通过南边的山脊登顶，成为美国历史上登峰的最年轻的人

 

2003 On May 22, 23 year old Ben Clark, of Clarksville, Tennessee, becomes the second youngest American to summit Everest, via the North-Northeast Ridge Route.

2003年5月22,23日，23岁的美国人Ben Clark,通过北-东北山脊路线登峰，成为美国历史上第二个年轻的登顶者。

 

2003 Yuichiro Miura becomes the oldest person to reach the summit of Everest. He was aged 70 years and 222 days when he got to the summit (on May 22).

2003年，Yuichiro Miura成为登峰年龄最大的人，当他登峰时（5月22日），他已经70周岁零222天了。

 

2003 25 year old Nepalese Sherpa, Pemba Dorjie, makes the world’s fastest ascent in 12 hours 45 minutes on May 23.

2003年5月23日，25岁的尼泊尔夏尔巴人Pemba Dorjie用12小时45分钟的时间创造了登峰的最快纪录。

 

2003 Only three days later, Sherpa Lakpa Gelu breaks this record with 10 hours 56 minutes. After a short dispute with Dorije, the tourism ministry confirms Gelu’s record in July [3].

2003年，仅仅在3天后，夏尔巴人Lakpa Gelu以10小时56分钟的打破了此纪录。在与Dorije经过短暂的争执之后，旅游委员会在7月确认了的纪录。

 

2004 Pemba Dorjie breaks his own record, this time ascending the mountain in 8 hours 10 minutes on May 21 [4].

2004年5月21日，Pemba Dorjie又以8小时10分钟的时间创造了新的纪录。

 

2005 Chinese government-sponsored survey team with 24 members reaches the peak on May 22 to anchor surveying equipment for the remeasurement of summit height. GPS, ground radar equipment, as well as traditional surveying methods were used to assess snow and ice thickness for the new measurement, and to compare it with historical data [5].

2005年5月22日，中国政府资助的有24名队员参加的科考队登上了峰顶，为重新测量高度驻扎一些测量设备。GPS，地面雷达设备以及一些传统的测量方式来测量雪和冰的厚度，从而获取新的数据，并和历史数据相比较。

 

2005. On May 14, a Eurocopter helicopter flew to the peak for the first time. It was reported to have landed but this was later disputed, with the pilot telling Nepalese authorities that the landing was actually 3300 feet (1000 m) below the summit [6].

2005年5月14日，直升机首次飞抵峰顶。据报道直升机曾经在峰顶着陆，但是随后就被推翻了，飞行员告诉尼泊尔专家直升机曾在距峰顶3300英尺（1000米）处降落过。

 

2005 Moni Mule Pati and Pemba Dorjie get married on top of the mountain.

2005年Moni Mule Pati和Pemba Dorjie在峰顶结婚。

 

2005 August, the Chinese citizen, Xu Zhen, and his team climbed the mount Everest, and cut of its top: a 186 cm high piece. Reducing its height of 186 cm.

2005年——中国公民徐震及其队友于8月登上顶峰，并成功地把珠穆朗玛峰锯下186cm。从此人类高度降低186cm。

 

 

Language: English

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